Application of the Spiegler-Kedem-Kachalsky model to the removal of 4-chlorophenol by different nanofiltration membranes

Chlorophenols, commonly found in the wastewaters of numerous industries, are widely considered as priority pollutants and their persistence may cause severe environmental problems. Among the methods described for their removal, pressure-driven membrane processes are considered as a reliable alternative. In this paper we study the influence of different operational variables (applied pressure, feed concentration and pH) on the removal of 4-chlorophenol from synthetic aqueous solutions by nanofiltration using three different polyamide membranes (NF-97, NF-99 and RO98pHt). The Spiegler-Kedem-Kachalsky model was applied to predict the nanofiltration removal process. Model constants for the three membranes were obtained and there was good agreement between the experimental and model rejection data. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.